Second Lesson: Minerals

The last time i've studied Chemistry was when i was on my Third year High school and to be honest I hate that subject. So now that Science is back on my curriculum, i need to study hard and stay focused on the discussions. The reason why I'm telling you guys about Chemistry is that this second lesson is connected to that.


Our second lesson was about Minerals so I've stated here things i've leaned here so that you guys can learn from it or use it for references :)


MATTER
Elements and the Periodic Table
- Elements are the basic building blocks   of minerals.
-  Over 100 elements are known.


 Atoms
- The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.- The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons)
keep in mind that:• protons, which have positive electrical charges
• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges

Isotopes 
- The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom.
- Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.- A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.
- An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.
 - are variants of a particular chemical element. While all isotopes of a given element share the same number of protons, each isotope differs from the others in its number of neutrons- Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
- Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons


Why Atoms Bond?
When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.


Types of Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions.
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons.


MINERALS

1. Naturally occurring

2. Solid substance

3. Orderly crystalline structure

4. Definite chemical composition

5. Generally considered inorganic

How Minerals Form

1. Crystallization from magma

2. Precipitation

3. Pressure and temperature

4. Hydrothermal solutions

Mineral Groups

Can be classified based on their composition

1. Silicates

- Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral.

2. Carbonates

-Minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements

3. Oxides

-Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals

4. Sulfates and Sulfides

-Minerals that contain the element sulfur

5. Halides

-Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements

6. Native elements

-Minerals that exist in relatively pure form

Properties of Mineral

Color

- Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.

Streak 

- is the color of a mineral in its powdered form.

Luster

- Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

Crystal Form

- Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms.

Hardness

- Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.

          Cleavage

- Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

          Fracture

- Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.

- Fracture—the uneven breakage of a mineral

Density

- Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.

Distinctive Properties of Minerals

- Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties.

PS. All the things I've stated here comes from my Natural Science class with my professor Mr. Crisencio M. Paner and you can see the powerpoint that he used here. 

*Checked by Prof. Crisencio M. Paner*

KEYWORDS: Matter, Elements of the Periodic Table, Atoms, Isotopes, Atoms Bond, Types of Chemical Bonds, Minerals, How Minerals Form, Mineral Groups, Silicate, Carbonate, Oxide, Sulfate and Sulfides, Halide, Native elements, Properties of Mineral, Color, Streak, Luster, Crystal Form, Hardness, Cleavage, Fracture, Density, Distinctive Properties of Minerals